TEE is preferred over TTE for non-lacunar stroke cases without cardiac disease on standard echo, due to superior left atrial and aortic arch visualization. TCAR is an emerging alternative to carotid endarterectomy with comparable safety data. Liberal transfusion strategies (targeting higher hemoglobin) have not demonstrated benefit in TBI, SAH, or ICH. MMA embolization per the EMBOLIZE trial significantly reduces chronic subdural hematoma recurrence and need for repeat surgery.

TEE provides superior visualization of the left atrium and aortic arch compared to TTE; preferred for non-lacunar stroke cases without cardiac disease on standard echo.TCAR (transcarotid artery revascularization) is an emerging option for high-grade carotid stenosis with complication rates comparable to carotid endarterectomy.Meta-analysis of four trials: liberal transfusion strategy (higher hemoglobin targets) provides no benefit over restrictive strategy in TBI, SAH, or ICH.EMBOLIZE trial: MMA embolization significantly reduces chronic subdural hematoma progression, recurrence, and need for repeat surgery, with a safety profile comparable to standard care.INTREPID trial: targeted temperature management to 37 degrees reduced fever burden but did not improve functional recovery in acute vascular brain injury; trial stopped early.